I believe that electronics controllers were introduced in the 70's. Before that, track polarity was irrelevant if you were running a resistor controller. These work for either track polarity.
Nowadays, I believe all tracks in the US are positive polarity. This means that the positive is the white and the negative is the red (brake).
Just a few electronic controllers are dual polarity, or have the abilty to be easily changed to acomodate negative polarity tracks. If you use an electronic controller in a treack with opposite polarity, most likely you will burn something and it will stop working. Many controllers are protected with fuses, or via electronics, but it's hardly bulletproof.
Were I race, a few racers, me included, own Carsteens 4.2 contollers, which are supposed to be fully protected. I've been repairing these for more than a year for them. They blow the brake FET quite easily and the power FETs sometimes, along with other smaller components.